Summary Of Fridays With Morrie - 1979 Words

Tuesday s with Morrie is a very inspiring and motivational book, that tells the story of a dying old man and his desire to teach his life lessons. He passes these lessons down to a former and eager student, wanting to learn as much as he can from his professor until he loses him to the disease ALS. Morrie, is forced to live his remaining months a helpless victim to the disease as it slowly and uncontrollably takes over his body. What makes this book so inspirational, is Morrie s acceptance of his not only his disease, but the idea of death itself. He is able to pass down his life lessons and positive outlook on life to countless people when he was alive and his story continues to inspire lives years later. Morrie s former student Mitch, returns to Morrie years later, after coming across a TV interview of his old professor on â€Å"Nightline†. After graduating college, Mitch became a sports reporter journalist, caught up in mainstream values and had lost touch with what was tru ly important in life. Mitch and Morrie begin to meet every Tuesday and with each lesson Morrie passes down to him, Mitch is able to grow and return his meaningful, individual values. This book is incredibly relevant to our class and the field of health psychology because it highlights the physical difficulties of the disease ALS, that Morrie has no choice but to surrender to. Along side that though, is the psychological side of the story of how Morrie handles his disease emotionally and the way he

Motifs Of John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men - 1152 Words

Riley Milam 10/25/14 Period 3 Milam 1 Motifs in Of Mice and Men In John Steinbeck’s novel, of Mice and Men, there are a multitude of motifs that corresponded with the real life problems they were facing in that day. Reoccurring elements in this narrative include the predatory nature of human existence, corruption of women, loneliness and companionship, and the different kinds of strengths and weaknessses. Of Mice and Men teaches a lesson on human nature and the existence of man. Almost all of the characters in this novel reveal to others that they feel isolation and loneliness. They are fearful that they may be cast out of the farm and have no one to go home to. Each want a companion they can talk to, but those without one will settle on talking with people they hardly know. Curley’s wife confesses that she is unhappily married while looking for a companion in every person on the farm. Each of the characters in this novel are disconsolate and seem to always attack on those that seem to be weaker than them. An example of this motif is when Crooks, a black crippled man who works on the ranch as a blacksmith, criticizes Lennie for dreaming about having his own ranch with George. Steinbeck uncovers that maltreatment does not come from the powerful. Crooks seems to be at his strongest when he has diminished Lennie to tears, but only a few minutes ago he was explaining how he was of no importance to others because he was black and was segregated from the others.Show MoreRelatedThe Significance of Dreams in of Mice and Men839 Words   |  4 PagesThe Significance of Dreams in Of Mice and Men A major motif of John Steinbeck s Of Mice and Men is the American dream and the drive to attain it. The life of a ranch hand is grim, yet the characters in the novel are still vulnerable to dreams of a better life. The dream of owning land, called the American dream by some, is what motivates George and Lennie in their work on the ranch. It is their friendship that sustains this dream and makes it possible. While the dreams are credible to theRead MoreMice and Men Annotated Bibliography855 Words   |  4 PagesSierra Villanueva Mrs. Josà © English II PAP 4th 8 November 2011 Of Mice And Men : An Annotated Bibliography Book Review: Of Mice amp; Men. A Novel Menagerie. Novel Menagerie, 2009. Web. 7 Nov 2011. lt;http://anovelmenagerie.com/2009/02/18/book-review-of-mice-and-men/gt;. The author of this review focuses on the life of Lennie. She sympathizes with the hard times Lennie had to go through as a character. The author describes Lennie to the readers as an innocent, childlike character whoRead MoreOf Mice and Men1242 Words   |  5 PagesOf Mice and Men Thomas Hobbes in his Leviathan states that, in the state of nature mans life is nasty, brutish and short. In depression era America, no greater truth could be said. There were millions unemployed, largely unskilled and living on the margins of society. The lowest of the low were the migrant labourers travelling from place to place trying to scratch a living. They often had to travel illegally by freight car with all its consequent dangers. Their life expectancy was low, crimeRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1248 Words   |  5 PagesIn Steinbeck s novel Of Mice and Men, He uses imagery many times to create a realistic setting and plot. Steinbeck’s depiction of migrant workers and their daily complications during the depression are objectively precise due to his use of imagery with idioms, dreams, nature, loneliness and animal imagery. The main theme of the book transpires to be loneliness and fate. While George and Lennie, the main characters have a synergetic relatio nship, fate steps in and does away with their dreams, whichRead More The Role of Setting in John Steinbecks Of Mice Men Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesThe Role of Setting in John Steinbecks Of Mice Men Throughout time man has encountered many trials and tribulations. One of these unpredictable changes was the depression era in the Western region of America. From the beginning to the end of the novel, Of Mice Men (1937), by John Steinbeck, life is portrayed as cruel and an insurmountable conquest. During the 1930s the worst economic collapse of the world occurred : the Depression. The setting throughout this novel sets the emotions highRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1911 Words   |  8 Pagesbook Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck drops many clues that foreshadow all the deaths throughout the story. Foreshadowing is a literary device where the writer gives an advance hint of what is to come later in the story. There are many examples in this story that all indicate that Lennie isn t going to last long in this world. Foreshadowing is important to this story because it acts as hints that makes Lennie’s death not such a shocker or plot twist. In conclusion, John Steinbe ck’s book Of Mice And MenRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1387 Words   |  6 Pageslanguage. Soledad is also town in which Of Mice Men takes place. The entire novel displays the idea of solitude. Along with the presence of loneliness in this story, John Steinbeck also ties in the idea of companionship through the everyday lives of individuals. The correlation of loneliness and companionship in the lives of these characters, along with the diversion of lifestyles consistently shows. Of all the many themes of the book, Of Mice and Men, the most important theme is the theme of lonelinessRead MoreOf Mice And Men By John Steinbeck1354 Words   |  6 PagesThe novel ‘Of Mice and Men’, written by John Steinbeck, is set near the Salinas River in California, America during the Great Depression between 1930-1939. The Great Depression was a distressing time in the history of America as the unemployment rate was high which in turn led to poverty and hunger. Duri ng this time, many struggled to find work and this steered them to travel long distances, often without having anyone to talk to. Dreams were crafted by this travelling workforce and were somethingRead More Loneliness in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men Essay2202 Words   |  9 PagesLoneliness in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men       Mother Theresa once said, Loneliness is a mans worst poverty. Without friends and companions, people begin to suffer from loneliness and solitude (Dusenbury 38). Loneliness is an inevitable fact of life and cannot be avoided, as shown prevalent through each of the characters in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men. Each and every character in this novel exhibits loneliness. Lennie was isolated for being mentally handicapped, Candy was isolatedRead MoreOf Mice And Men Essay 20152101 Words   |  9 Pagesnarrative conventions of foreshadowing and characterisation, John Steinbeck, in his novel Of Mice And Men, published in 1937, is able to effectively reveal the imperfections of America’s capitalist society during the Great Depression. Steinbeck’s reveals rural American society in California to be racist, sexist against women, neglectful of the disabled and a world without hope blinkered by the corruption of the American dream. The novel follows two men, George Stilt on, a small farm worker and Lennie Small

Kodak Harvard Case Free Essays

Case preparation memo GROUP NAME _____________________________ YOUR NAME_________Jordan Lewis_______ CASE __Kodak_________________ 1. What is/are the problem(s) in this case? Keep it to a single statement. At most, you may point out a couple of the key questions. We will write a custom essay sample on Kodak Harvard Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now The problem in the Kodak case is that Kodak is losing market value because they are reworking their product line, causing doubt in customer mindset. They have created the Funtime film to attempt to regain market value. 2. What are the key issues? This is just a simple list (condensed SWOT). You do not need to analyze in great detail. The key issues are that they are losing market value by remaking their best seller. By attempting to enter the economy brand-pricing tier, they have restructured and rebranded their other films, making their consumer doubt the quality of their original product. They have renamed their superpremium film to correlate with their premium brand, which is a strength, but could lose a few of their customers in the transition. By not heavily advertising their new line of Funtime film they run the risk of not reaching their consumer. From a business standpoint, it seems odd to devote so little marketing to a new product, it seems as though they don’t care/believe in the product to begin with. 3. What are the alternatives? Be creative! What are the strategic tradeoffs (pros / cons)? This should be a list of at least 5 alternatives. They do not all have to be wonderful ideas. This is a brainstorming step -Take a percentage of the advertising/marketing dollars designated to the most well known, most purchased film, Gold Plus, and use it to run one campaign for Funtime. -Find a way to package the Gold Plus and the Funtime together. Advertise and market to current consumers of Gold Plus, their most popular film. -Give a free sample to 100 current Kodak users, it’s not incredibly costly and may be able to generate word of mouth advertising. -Sell each roll of Funtime individually. Set the price point a little higher than the packaged pricing would be, and market them as a quick solution to those necessary moments when a photo is needed. 4. Present a quantitative analysis of key alternatives (if appropriate). This section may include break even, margin analysis, ROI, LCV, etc. State clearly if you do not find relevant numbers in the case. It is an interesting strategy to sell the Funtime film in â€Å"value packs. † By selling them in packs they are making a relatively similar amount of money, as they would by selling one roll of Gold Plus film. On average consumers spent between $2. 50 and $3. 50 on a roll of film so by bundling Funtime together and selling them for roughly the same price as one roll of Gold Plus, it seems like a higher margin could be made by selling the Funtime rolls individually. If they were to sell them individually they could sell them for 0. 0 less than their Gold Plus and still make a decent margin, while maintaining the lower price point necessary for the consumer. The case states that Funtime is to be sold at a price 20% less than Gold Plus, which is sold for 20% less than Royal Gold. 5. In your own words, what is your recommendation? First, what reason(s) do you have to choose this alternative? Second, how will it be imp lemented? Use the marketing mix elements and research components as implementation guidelines. The previous sections can be duplicated within your group, but this part should be individual effort. The best strategy would be to concentrate on the new product line and promote it heavily with a competitive price. Product strategies: I think they need to reevaluate the way they are introducing Funtime into the market. It makes little to no sense to introduce an economy price based item into the market without advertising it. In analyzing their target only 10% were price shoppers, but their manager of general merchandise marketing stated that there is a significant rise in price-sensitive shoppers, so it would make sense to dedicate at least a portion of the marketing strategy to the new price point product. Go for market penetration! Pricing: The Funtime film is meant to fit the economy brand pricing tier. The other films in this tier range from $2. 69-$2. 91. The case does not directly state the price of one individual roll of Funtime film. It does however mention that it is only to be sold in packages of two or four. It would make most sense to sell two of the Funtime films for the price of one roll of their premium film. However, they do offer more exposures in the pack of four and could possibly sell it for a larger margin. Especially if they are trying to compete with the private label margin which is higher than Kodak’s margin. To implement this pricing strategy I would advertise a â€Å"2 for 1† or â€Å"more bang for your buck† strategy, emphasizing the quality or genre difference as well. Promotional ideas: As an alternative I would choose to offer some form of promotion for the Funtime film. I find it necessary to promote a new product, rather than introduce it twice a year in limited quantities. An economy-based shopper is looking for something easy, cheap, and on the go, so make it easily accessible to them. Promote it around graduation time, wedding season, and holidays so that people remember to pick up an extra roll of film. By releasing it with hardly any advertising and on a limited quantity run it doesn’t show much confidence in the product to begin with, so leave it out there and promote it when necessary. Distribution tactics: Distribute at point of sale, registers, next to picture frames, in the photo developing section of department and drug store. Maybe even convenience stores. It is an economy priced item, sell it where people will make it an add-on sale item. Distribute where current users of Kodak film shop so that they may become acquainted with it and understand its use. Research (goals, methods, etc. ): Research how other companies marketed and sold their economy brand priced film. Find out which consumer would be interested in the film and target them. Use a survey to ask current consumers what price they would be willing to pay for a less premium film, and what they would expect out of it. Run a trial test in key areas and around peak seasonal times. How to cite Kodak Harvard Case, Essay examples

Mechanisms and Dynamics Assignment

Questions: A typical jamb-type tilting garage door opening mechanism is illustrated below: Point G is the centre of mass, and point H is the fixing point for the garage door opener. q is the angle between AC and horizontal, w is the corresponding angular speed. Tasks In this assignment you are required to write a report concerning the planar mechanism in the figure above. In your report, you must: 1. Describe the links and pairs and calculate the mobility. 2. Draw a fully dimensioned drawing of the mechanism shown, making reasonable estimates of all dimensions necessary to define the location of all points A to G. 3. Estimate the mass of the door. You may assume that other mechanism components are massless. 4. Plot the locus of all points from door closed to door open. 5. Write vector equations relating the location of all points as a function of q. 6. Use your equations derived in 5 to plot the x and y position of all points as a function of q. 7. Write vector equations relating the velocity of all points as a function of q for constant w = 1 rad/s. 8. Show velocity vectors, to scale, for all points when the door is fully open, fully closed, q = 0 and q = -30. Assume that w = 1 rad/s and the door is opening in all cases. Answers: The given jamb-type garage door opening mechanism is as follows:The flexibility of a segment is the amount of degrees of opportunity with which it may move. This musing is numerically practically identical to the estimation of the game plan set of the kinematic circle conditions for the framework. It is all around understood that the conventional Grubler-Kutzbach formulas for compactness can't be a good fit for phenomenal classes of parts, and extensively more refined prescriptions considering migration bundles disregard to adequately envision the convenientce of charged "limitless" frameworks. This article discusses how late results from numerical scientific geometry can be associated with the subject of instrument convenientce. In particular, given a social affair configuration of a segment and its circle conditions, an adjacent estimation test places limits on the convenientce of the related party mode. A transparently open programming code makes the idea easy to apply in the kine matics region. Allow n to be the no. of associations in a segment out of which, one is settled, and let j be the no. of clear pivots (i.e., those interface two associations.) Now, as the (n-1) joins move in a plane, with no affiliations, each has 3 level of chance; 2 bearings are required to decide the region of any reference point on the association and 1 to demonstrate the presentation of the association. When we relate the connections there can't be any relative understanding amongst them and one and just encourage is vital to demonstrate their relative introduction. In this way, 2 degrees of chance (elucidation) are lost, and one and just level of adaptability (rotational) is gotten out. Along these lines, no. of degrees of chance is: Most instruments are obliged, ie F=1. In this manner the above connection gets to be, 2j-3n+4=0 This is called Grubler's Criterion. Frustration of Grubler's standard, A higher pair has 2 degrees of adaptability .Following the same dispute as some time as of late, The degrees of chance of an instrument having higher sets can be made as, F=3(n-1)- 2j-h Much of the time a couple of segments have an overabundance level of adaptability. In case an association can move without making any advancement in whatever is left of the instrument, then the association is said to have a dreary level of opportunity. (3). Now estimating the mass of the door to be 50 kg Thus the weight of the door = Mg Thus the weight of the door = 50*9.81 Thus the weight of the door = 490.5 N Now assuming the angle GOD = 300 and for this angle the force required will be (5). The vector equations regarding the location of the points can be written as In the similar way the vector loop equation can be written as This vector equation in Cartesian coordinates can be written as (7). When the angular velocity Writing the velocity vector equations Where a is the location of the points. Then the angle can be calculated as Location would be Therefore the velocity vector for location Therefore the velocity vector for location (8). When the door is fully open When the door is fully closed When The velocity vector for location The velocity vector for location References Belles, D. (1994). Regulating Foam Plastic Insulated Garage Doors: A Summary of Research for The National Association of Garage Door Manufacturers. Journal of Applied Fire Science, 4(2), pp.105-125. Door based Power Generation System and Automatic Opening of Door. (2011). International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology. Grogono, E. (1973). OPENING THE DOOR. The Lancet, 302(7837), p.1092. Margulies, J. (2015). Garage Door Openers: An Internet of Things Case Study. IEEE Security Privacy, 13(4), pp.80-83. Opening the Door for Words at Play. (2007). English Journal, 96(3), p.107. Rollin, H. (1975). Opening The Door. BMJ, 4(5993), pp.415-415. Wan, C., Zhao, X. and Li, P. (2012). Force Analysis on the Opening/Closing Mechanism in the Door of Coal Hopper Car Based on the Matrix Method. AMR, 591-593, pp.84-87. Xiang, L. (2010). Opening Beijings Door. Survival, 52(3), pp.201-206.

The Role of Music in the Sea Hawk

arsenic and old lace review essays

arsenic and old lace review essays Beginning with acts such as Abbott and Costello, and episodes of "I Love Lucy," humor is often the result of a misunderstanding. In the movie, "Arsenic and Old Lace," the plot combines murder and insanity. "Arsenic and Old Lace," seemingly outlines a mystery or drama, however with the addition of misunderstanding, it becomes a comedy. The humor is drawn from the characters' relationships with one another as well as the characters themselves, being misunderstood. The movie centers on two sisters, Abby and Martha, and their nephew Mortimer. The misunderstanding lies between the sisters and the townspeople. Abby and Martha are known as sweet, kind, and charitable, however, the town is oblivious to the sisters' hobby of poisoning old men and burying them in their cellar. There is even a misunderstanding with the sisters themselves, as they see nothing wrong with what they do, and make no attempt to hide it. Yet, the humor of the movie is when their nephew, Mortimer, finds the bodies, and is quite flustered to discover how his aunts treat it with such nonchalance. Humor is also found in the misunderstanding between Mortimer and his Brewster family. Throughout the entire movie, Mortimer finds himself ashamed of his Brewster name. He discovers that his aunts keep twelve bodies in the basement. Mortimer also receives a visit from his lunatic brother John, who, like his aunts, murders people. While Mortimer discovers more about his insane family, he still must deal with his brother Theodore, who believes that he is President Roosevelt. Finally, Mortimer commits his brother Theodore along with his aunts to an insane asylum. The humor in this scene is at the very end of the movie when Mortimer finds out from his aunts that he is not really a Brewster, rather a son of a sea boat captain. "Arsenic and Old Lace," is not the typical comedy, yet contains all of the elements necessary to fit into the ...

Improving organisational performance Assignment

Improving organisational performance - Assignment Example Human resource practices that strategic human resources management scholars consider performance enhancing are referred to as high performance work practices (HPWPs).These are essentially work practices that can be introduced in the organization deliberately in order to improve organizational performance. A widely accepted definition of the term is that they are a set of complimentary work practices that cover three broad areas which are sometimes referred to as bundles of practices. They include: High employee involvement practice such as self-directed teams, quality circles and sharing/access to company information; human resource practices for example a sophisticated recruitment process, performance appraisal. Work redesign and mentoring; reward and commitment practices that include various financial rewards, family friendly policies, job rotation and flexi hours. Combs, Liu, Hall, & Ketchen (2006: 502) argue that these practices increase employee’s knowledge, skills and ab ilities (KSAs), empower employees to leverage their KSAs for organizational benefit, and increase their motivation to do so. The result of this is greater job satisfaction, lower employee turnover, higher productivity and better decision making all of which help to improve organizational performance (Wilson, 2005, p. 38). Aspect capital is a leading financial services company is the United Kingdom that applies a systematic and quantitative approach to investment management with the purpose of diversifying alpha for the company’s client portfolios. The company manages over USD 6.7 billion which it has exclusively invested in the aspect diversified program through a series of fund and client specific managed account vehicles (AC, 2012). Established 15 years ago the company has already established itself as a leading financial services company through the extensive support from a team that has extensive experience in the development and implementation of systematic

Marketing Essentials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing Essentials - Essay Example ........................................ 3.2 Porter’s Five Forces – relevant concerns.................................................... 4.0 SWOT and competitor analysis............................................................................... 4.1 SWOT analysis............................................................................................. 5.0 New product idea for H&M...................................................................................... 6.0 Marketing objectives and strategy............................................................................ 6.1 Pricing........................................................................................................... 6.2 Product.......................................................................................................... 6.3 Place............................................................................................................... 6.4 Promotion....................... ................................................................................ 7.0 Segmentation, targeting and positioning.................................................................... 8.0 Three year financial forecast and budget................................................................... 9.0 Metrics and implementation controls......................................................................... ... Main competition such as L’Oreal maintains 41 percent of market share with double-digit growth in sales due to the hedonistic and collectivist characteristics of male target markets in China. Financial forecasts indicate a 29.1 percent profit margin in 2014, which is lower than desired due to the high costs of operational development in manufacturing and research and development that is necessary for a business not familiar with product line extensions and new branding strategies in this product category. Over time, however this profit margin increases due to more streamlined internal systems and better logistical strategy development. H&M represents a total market value of (forecasted) over 89 billion USD in China, offering ample opportunity for revenue growth of approximately 15 to 20 percent year-on year through 2016. 2.0 Mission statement H&M strives to understand the importance of male grooming in a contemporary cultural environment, recognising the professional and socia l implications of maintaining a precise and well-tailored appearance. The top quality H&M for men line provides superior value as best-in-class grooming opportunities with the freshness of modish and elegant style. 3.0 Market overview The male grooming products market has experienced significant and explosive growth since 2004. In 2004, approximately seven billion USD were spent on grooming products specifically tailored for male grooming needs, including hairsprays, conditioners, shampoo and even hair colouring treatments (Hairstyles-7.com 2004). In 2010, one of the most prominent beauty companies, L’Oreal, experienced a growth rate in sales of male grooming products of 30 percent (CBS 2011). It is estimated that demand for male grooming products will increase to a

Desire in Death of a Salesman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Desire in Death of a Salesman - Essay Example Artists and writers like Arthur Miller, dissatisfied with the status quo, were influenced by existential philosophy and Freudian psychology, both of which took off in popularity during the post-WWII years. Death of a Salesman is a scathing criticism of the American Dream, which stated that success was equated with the collection of material goods and social acceptance. Miller, like many post-modern writers, was captivated by the psychology of Sigmund Freud, which defined human existence through the human consciousness. The Death of a Salesman has been heavily influenced by psychoanalysis as described by Freud. Salesman was analyzed by psychoanalysts almost immediately after its debut on Broadway in 1949. According to Susan Haedicke, literary scholars have always been fascinated with the psychological processes of the Lomans and have analyzed the play in purely psychoanalytical terms. As a matter of fact, many of Miller’s plays tend to lend themselves well to Freudian analysis. Willy Loman’s flashbacks, for example, are a type of dreams and full of Freudian potential. They have been discussed at length and are the cause of Willy’s friends and family’s concern for his sanity throughout the play.

Overview Of Manchesters Castlefeild Viaducts History Essay

Overview Of Manchesters Castlefeild Viaducts History Essay The Castlefield viaducts form a part of the citys fascinating network of transport infrastructure, which includes canals, waterways, tram, rail and road. Starting from the period of their construction, these viaducts have been standing as a constant and dominating feature on the Manchester skyline. They are unique with respect to their historic significance and construction. Its stunning architectural beauty is beyond adequate description, particularly at dawn and sunset.   In the 20th century the viaducts underwent a dramatic renaissance, and they were brought back into productive use and glory. Though time and lack of substantive maintenance are inciting threats to the life and beauty of the structure, they are in surprisingly good condition given their age. Proper maintenance and replacements will slow down the deterioration process of the structure. This report covers the structural, historical and architectural significance of the Castlefield viaducts. It highlights how the ageing infrastructures of the viaducts were effectively transformed to a landmark structure of the modern era. The restoration of the viaducts has given a dramatic revival to the Castlefield area, thus making use of the previously disfunctional structure. Thus our aim is to stress the importance of conserving the antiquated structures by making use of the scientific and technical knowledge gained through the ages. CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES Figure Description Source Cover image Castlefield viaducts in 2010 Photograph supplied by author 1.1 Castlefield viaducts in 1890 Waterways into Castlefield, John C Fletcher 1.2 Castlefield viaducts: An aerial view www.webbaviation.uk 1.3 Castlefield viaducts in 1892 A walk round Castlefield, Derek Brumhead and Terry Wyke 2.1 Roman fort of Mamucium www.bbc.co.uk 2.2 Castlefield excavations A walk round Castlefield, Derek Brumhead and Terry Wyke 2.3 Cornbrook and Great Northern viaducts www.panoramio.com 2.4 Northern Brick viaduct www.panoramio.com 2.5 Flowchart showing birth history of viaducts Drawing supplied by the author 4.1 Botanical growth on the corners of the viaduct www.forgottenrelics.co.uk 4.2 Use of cherry pickers in removing corrosion www.forgottenrelics.co.uk 4.3 Breakage and corrosion of iron sections www.forgottenrelics.co.uk 6.1 Architectural beauty of viaducts www.creativity103.com 6.2 Economical use of spaces beneath the brick arches of the viaduct Drawings supplied by the author A.1.1 Great Northern viaduct :picture from past www.canalarchieve.org.uk A.1.2 Great Northern viaduct: present picture http://manchesterhistory.net A.2.1 Northern Brick viaduct: picture from past www.canalarchieve.org.uk A.2.2 Northern Brick viaduct: present picture http://manchesterhistory.net A.3.1 Iron columns of the viaduct: picture from past www.canalarchieve.org.uk A.3.2 Iron columns of the viaduct: present picture www.barrymillerphotographics.co.uk A.4.1 Cast-iron arch of viaduct: picture from past www.canalarchieve.org.uk A.4.2 Cast-iron arch of viaduct: present picture www.engineering-timelines.com B.1 Plan of Castlefield in 1905 A walk round Castlefield, Derek Brumhead and Terry Wyke B.2 Plan of Castlefield in 1988 Waterways into Castlefield, John C Fletcher B.3 Aerial photograph of Castlefield by Paul Tomlin Waterways into Castlefield, John C Fletcher B.4 Plan and section of the junction between the Manchester and Birmingham and Liverpool and Manchester Railways. www.freepages.com 1. INTRODUCTION The Castlefield viaducts are the excellent examples of 19th century attitude to engineering. Their heroic brute scale is romanticised by the castellalated turrets adorning the structure. The name Castlefield is a short form of field of the castle or fort. Castlefield  is an  inner city  area of  Manchester, in  North West England. It is arguably one of the most historically important areas in the world. Innovations have proliferated here and many artefacts have been constructed. In 79 AD the Romans built their fort on elevated ground, and canals were dug to allow natural watercourses to be diverted to mountain water levels. The worlds very first railway station was introduced in Castlefield in 1830, to allow the first rail transportation of coal as canal basins were so numerous that the only practical means of utilising railway transport was to build viaducts. C:UsersreminDesktopDSC01024.JPG Figure 1.1: Castlefield viaducts in1890 Castlefield is conspicuous by its viaducts and its canals. The viaducts have become an indelible part of the landscape, valued and treasured as part of Manchesters industrial heritage. The fact of increasing the efficiency of transportation, paved way for the construction of the Castlefield viaducts. Gradually plans were evolved not only to conserve the area but also to promote leisure and tourism. C:UsersreminDesktopcourse workbridge-castlefield-c8675.jpg Figure 1.2: Castlefield viaducts: An aerial view During the 20th century both canal and railway transport declined and the area became somewhat derelict. The railway complex in Liverpool Road was sold to a conservation group and became the  Greater Manchester Museum of Science and Industry. C:UsersreminDesktopDSC01036.JPG Figure 1.3: Castlefield viaducts in 1892 2. HISTORIC RESEARCH 2.1. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SITE AND STRUCTURE Castlefield is the site of the original Roman fort of Mamucium or Mamceaster (mam from the Celtic name for hill and ceaster derived from the Latin word for a walled town). The fort was about five acres in size and guarded important route ways to and from Chester, York and the Chesire salt wiches. The roads, railways and canals of the Industrial Revolution destroyed most of the surface remains of the fort and the vicus. The price of coal was halved, making steam power commercially viable. The Rochdale Canal and a network of private branch canals joined the Bridgewater at Lock 92 in Castlefield. The Bridgewater Canal company  connected their canal to the adjacent Mersey and Irwell Navigation and the Rochdale Canal Company  constructed its Manchester and Salford Junction Canal. Figure 2.2 Castlefield excavations Figure 2.1 Roman fort of Mamucium Artists impression of Roman Mamucium (c) Graham Sumner C:UsersreminDesktopDSC01034.JPG As new railway companies needed to access the city centre through largely built-up areas, only one option lay open to them the building of viaducts to carry traffic over the city. The railway lines the central cast iron arch of the Manchester South Junction Altrincham 1848 viaduct, with 1877 wrought iron Cheshire Lines Cornbrook viaduct obscured, and the massive piers of the 1894 disused Great Northern Viaduct behind constructed over the course of half-a-century provided leading railway companies with the access to the city centre. These viaducts provided a splendid solution illustration to the problem of carrying a railway across the city. The townscape of southern Manchester was given a new transformation by the railway and the Castlefield viaducts. In fact these viaducts are still the engineering beauties of Manchester especially Castlefield. C:UsersreminDesktopphotos1.jpg Figure 2.3.Cornbrook and Great Northern viaducts C:UsersreminDesktopphotos2.jpg Figure 2.4: Northern Brick viaduct 2.2. BIRTH OF CASTLEFIELD VIADUCTS The arrival of the Bridgewater Canal in Castlefield in July 1761 led to a series of developments which eventually caused the construction of the Castlefield viaducts. These developments are indicated pictorially as shown below. Arrival of the Bridgewater Canal (marked Industrial Revolution) Joining of the Rochdale Canal and other private canals with the Bridgewater Canal Construction of warehouses and storehouses prompted the need for accessing city centre Decrease in the price of coal gave the idea of constructing railway lines for transportation. Construction of the Castlefield viaducts for enabling railway transportation Figure 2.5 Flowchart showing birth history of viaducts 3. STRUCTURAL OVERVIEW ORIGINAL STRUCTURE The cast iron arch railway bridge over the wharves by the Bridgewater Canal at Castlefield forms part of the long brick viaduct taking the Altrincham branch of the Manchester South Junction Altrincham Railway (MSJAR) into Deansgate Station. The MSJAR was Manchesters first suburban line. It ran from Manchester Piccadilly via Oxford Road and Deansgate (with a branch line to Altrincham). The bridge spans 31.9m. Like eight of its siblings (the exception being the Water Street MSJAR bridge), it has six cast iron ribs each made in five pieces and bolted together. The ribs are braced with cruciform cast iron sections. The twin railway tracks were carried on cast iron deck plates (the Altrincham line is no longer in use).The Altrincham branch viaduct had a second cast iron rib arch bridge by Baker, over Egerton Street. It was reconstructed in steel in 1976. The Northern Brick viaduct is entirely elevated on more than 2 miles of viaduct. Most of this viaduct comprises 224 brick arches, averaging 30feet in height and span, and 28feet in width. Foundations typically extend 30-35feet below the ground level. Near Ordsall Lane the railway crosses the Irwell with two much longer 65feet span brick arches, supported by a pillar in the middle of the river. A brick arch with a span of 80feet was required to bridge the canal branch. Supplementing the brick arches, the cast-iron bridges cross 26 streets and canals. Originally, flat-girder bridges were ear marked for these sections of the viaduct, but when an example of this type of bridge collapsed under a train in Chester in May 1847 the plans were altered amid safety doubts. In total, 28 cast-iron bridge sections were required (three at Knott Mill), all of them spanning 70ft, except for the example over the Rochdale Canal which spans 105ft. The bridges were obtained by engineer David Bell house from the foundries of E.T. Bell house. On the viaducts south side is the high-level iron truss girder viaduct of 1877 built for the  Cheshire Lines Committee by the  Midland Railway. It is known as Cornbrook Viaduct. The viaduct is a red brick and  wrought iron  truss girder construction. Building work started in 1873 and was completed in 1877. When it opened in 1877, it carried trains coming from a temporary station to  Irlam  and  Warrington, and  Chorlton  via a branch line. The temporary station was replaced by  Sir John Fowlers Manchester  Central Station  in 1880, which operated until 1969 and is now used as an exhibition centre (G-MEX). The through lattice girder design, predominantly of wrought iron, is around 330m in length, comprising eight spans. Formed from segmental castings and founded at a depth of 6.1m, the piers diameter tapers from 4.6m at their base to 3.2m at ground level. They are concrete-filled and tied to their neighbour by a girder dealing with lateral forces. Behind decorative castellation, bearing plates support the heavy end posts of 16 trusses, the longest of which reaches 53m. Each pair is restrained by brace beams at 6.4m centres. Span 7 is acutely trapezoidal, allowing span 8 to cross the Ordsall Lane line on a skew of around 65 ° its southern truss benefits from an additional orphaned column. The bottom chord of each truss forms a channel. The transverse bearers hold the deck plates and ribs to which the running rails are fastened. To the north is the 1894 Great Northern viaduct that served the  Great Northern Railways (GNR) warehouse. The high-level  tubular steel  viaduct is decorated with turrets. It was built for the Great Northern Railway Company and carried GNR trains to the companys Deansgate warehouse until 1963. Richard Johnson was a Chief Engineer of the GNR. The Cornbrook and Great Northern viaducts stood disused for many years. When a route for the  Metrolink  trams was investigated, the Cornbrook Viaduct was found to be in much better condition than the 1894 one. It was chosen for refurbishment (1990-1991) and is currently used by Metrolink trams going to Altrincham. During the regeneration of the Castlefield basin, a spectacular footbridge was built from Slate Wharf to Catalan Square. This is the Merchants Bridge, where the 3m wide deck is hung by 13 hangers from the steel arches. The span is 40m. The designers,  Whitby and Bird  acknowledge the influence of  Santiago Calatrava. The three viaducts passed right through the ancient Roman site, virtually obliterating it, as the opening of the Rochdale Canal had already destroyed much of it, as well as the old town of Aldport. Except the Great Northern viaduct all the other viaducts are still in use. The Great northern viaduct is now offered for sale. 3.2. FUNCTION The Northern Brick viaduct carried the double tracks between Manchester Piccadilly via Oxford Road railway station and Knott Mill railway station, then turns south west, crossed the canal basin and headed for Altrincham.   It forms part of the long brick viaduct taking the Altrincham branch of the Manchester South Junction Altrincham Railway through Knott Mill Station. The Cornbrook viaduct is carried across Castlefield Basin on huge castellated brick piers and where it crosses the Bridgewater Canal an immense bridge of lattice girders was constructed with twin spans of 44 metres and 62 metres. It carried trains coming from a temporary station to Irlam and Warrington, and Chorlton via a branch line. At present 15 trams per hour (tph) use the Cornbrook viaduct which has fixed block two aspect signalling. When Phase 3a of the development process is complete, there will be 25 tph along the Cornbrook Viaduct. The Great Northern viaduct served the  Great Northern Railways warehouse i n Deansgate by carrying GNR trains to the companys warehouse until 1963. 3.3. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY The Northern Brick viaduct in the group of Castlefield viaducts and its impressive cast iron arch bridge was designed by  David Bellhouse and William Baker respectively. This is the largest cast iron arch bridge in the Castlefield area with a span of 104 feet. Each of the six cast iron ribs are made in five pieces and bolted together. They are braced with cruciform cast iron sections and the twin railway tracks were carried on cast iron deck plates. The project was a very large one, at least in terms of material: 300,000 cubic feet of stone 50,000,000 bricks and 3,000 tons of wrought iron. The ground was broken for the new line early in 1846. Subsequently, the railway ran into some financial difficulties that delayed work for about 18 months so that the railway was not completed until 1849. Brick arches were constructed by laying the bricks and mortar over scaffolding, which would maintain the arch shape until the mortar had set and the form was self-supporting. This scaffolding was usually left in place for two to three weeks after the brickwork had been completed. However, in January 1849 a section of the viaduct near Gloucester Street, just to the west of Oxford Road station, collapsed upon removal of the supporting scaffolding, killing several workers. An inquest revealed that wet weather had caused the mortar to set more slowly than anticipated. As a consequence, the scaffolding was left in place for longer periods, especially during the inclement winter months. No other major accidents occurred during the rest of the MSJARs construction. Red brick and  wrought iron  form the major raw materials for the construction of The Cornbrook Viaduct. The Great Northern viaduct makes use of tubular steel construction. Decorative fittings in the form of small towers rising above and resting on the main structure adds beauty to the viaduct. 4. RESTORATION 4.1. WAY TO RESTORATION The restoration of the Castlefield viaducts gave a dramatic revival to the area, with the viaducts being brought back into productive use. The Annual Report on Built Heritage, 2006/07 categorised the Castlefield viaducts into Grade II, which indicated that the structure is of special interest, warranting every effort to preserve them. Castlefields ageing infrastructure of the 1800s has been revived and in its place is one of Europes leading city break destinations, with some of the best shopping and most vibrant nightlife in the world.   By the 1970s the Castlefield area was decaying rapidly and was typical of many of the areas on the fringe of the city centre. In the early 1970s, excavations uncovered part of the site of the Roman fort. The process of removing the extensive, waist-high vegetation from the deck was relatively straightforward. Far more challenging has been the subsequent descaling work, ridding the viaduct of its loose material with hammers and scrapers. The abseil operation is self-contained, with collection bags and catch nets ensuring nothing falls to the ground. Progressing from west to east, the five spans of the first phase took place. But remaining phases were logistically more complex. The imaginative and sensitive conservation of the viaducts was to be achieved with high standards of urban design. When the Great Northern Railway Goods Warehouse was erected in 1898, the viaduct was widened on the north side to take four tracks, and a new spur built across Deansgate. The second cast iron rib arch bridge of the Altrincham branch viaduct was reconstructed in steel in 1976. The CLC Viaduct from Manchester Central Station to Cornbrook Junction was originally built as a two track viaduct then later widened to carry five tracks. Since the Cornbrook Viaduct was in much better condition compared to the Great Northern Viaduct, it was chosen for refurbishment in the year 1990 for a route for the  Metrolink  trams. It is currently used by Metrolink trams going to Altrincham. Central Station closed in 1969 and the viaduct was unused, except for business premises in the arches, until repaired and converted for Metrolink which opened in 1992. Repairs included pointing some 70,000 square metres of brickwork and replacing many thousands of spalled and missing bricks. Metal widening was strengthened by concrete encapsulation and local plating repairs where required. After the structural repairs had been completed the metalwork was grit blasted and painted to protect it. Corrosion damage caused by breakdown of the waterproofing system was repaired. Where needed main girder ends were encapsulated in a reinforced concrete diaphragm beam supported on new bearings. Other bearings were freed by drilling and injecting grease. The entire structure of Castlefield Bridge was lifted by 75mm as part of the work on its bearings. This improved headroom will allow future 25kV electrification of the Network Rail line from the railway Castlefield Junction, near Deansgate Station, to Ordsall Lane Junction. Subject to funding, plans are being developed for a major refurbishment to happen in 2012/13, involving a waterproofing exercise and miscellaneous repairs to restore some durability. The major challenge is to completely encapsulate the structure. The paintwork has to be restored- which seems to have been brush-applied in a single coat and causing considerable corrosion. It is important to remove the vegetation which has secured a foothold on the underside of the structure where much of the ironwork never gets the opportunity to dry. Adequate measures should be adopted to remove the blockages within the drainage system. Clearing debris from the trusses bottom chord and thereby allowing them to drain should be also given priority. 4.2. PRESENT CONDITION Though the Castlefield viaducts have given the city some of its most dramatic spaces, some limited drawbacks can be cited in relevance to the present day construction owing to the ageing infrastructure of the 1800s. One of the most important among them is the effect of corroding metallic surface. The forged bolts and fittings have become rusted. The damp conditions have been more conducive to corrosion. Periodic inspection and removal of huge amount of loose material from the corroded surface is required. The construction gave the bottom chord of truss a trough shape, which gets covered by water during rains. These corrosive water traps pose an attention seeking problem. The steelwork of the supporting columns has peeling paint and patches of rust. The iron layers have got broken at intervals.   There are evidences of staining and efflorescence and botanical growth due to the seepage of water through the brick joints. The younger but sicklier northern viaduct remains devoid of func tion except for its iconic role in the cityscape and frequent on-screen appearances. 4.3. REMEDIAL MEASURES Time and a lack of substantive maintenance and Manchesters notorious weather have not been kind to the structure. The observations confirmed that loose corrosion product was falling from the structure. The botanical growth and vegetation should be removed from the structure. Another significant maintenance work to be carried out is the descaling work. The viaducts should be made devoid of its loose material with hammers and scrapers. Descaling could be done more easily with the use of cherry pickers. The piers and soffits should be cleared and protective coatings should be applied. The iron sections should be inspected for breakages and necessary replacements should be done at intervals. Measures should be adopted to ensure waterproofing effect at the critical sections. http://www.forgottenrelics.co.uk/bridges/images/castlefield/castlefield-7.jpg http://www.forgottenrelics.co.uk/bridges/images/castlefield/castlefield-1.jpg Figure 4.2: Use of cherry pickers in removing corrosion Figure 4.1: Botanical growth on the corners of the viaduct C:UsersreminDesktopcourse workcs cwphotos9.jpg http://www.forgottenrelics.co.uk/bridges/images/castlefield/castlefield-4.jpg Figure 4.3: Breakage and corrosion of iron sections 5. PEOPLE AND ORGANISATIONS INVOLVED 5.1 DAVID BELLHOUSE (1792à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 1866) David Bellhouse (junior) was the contractor for the construction of the Northern brick viaduct, which was completed in 1849. Bellhouse hailed from a family rich in construction and business experience. His father David Bellhouse (senior), (1764-1840) was a skilled joiner and builder. David Bellhouse (junior) started his career by erecting warehouses, mills and public buildings. During 1830, he built 5 brick warehouses for Manchester and Liverpool railway at the Liverpool road station in Manchester, the worlds first railway station. Later he took advantage of the rising railway boom due to industrial revolution and concentrated his work within Manchester and surrounding area. In 1845, Bellhouse got the contract to build the mile and three quarter long Manchester South Junction Railway. The viaduct passed very near the Bellhouse family businesses, both the timber yard and the cotton mill. In addition to building the viaduct and laying the track, Bellhouse was responsible for the purchase and demolition of buildings on the proposed site of the line, the alteration and diversion of streets. The track was laid on a thirty-foot-high arched viaduct through a densely populated part of Manchester. The railway was finally completed in 1849. The viaduct is still in operation today. Other prominent projects constructed by Bellhouse include Chorlton on Medlock Town Hall and Dispensary Exhibition house of the Manchester Botanical and Horticultural Society The Palatine Hotel Manchester Poor Law Union Moral and Industrial Training School WILLIAM BAKER (1817-1878) William Baker was a railway engineer. He designed the Northern brick viaduct, Castlefield. He started his career in 1834 at the  London and Birmingham Railway  between London and  Tring. In 1837, he worked for the  Manchester and Birmingham Railway. Later he became engineer of the  Manchester, South Junction and Altrincham Railway (MSJAR). Eventually, he was appointed as the chief engineer of the London and North Western Railway Company. He wholly constructed, or remodelled and extended, the stations of the company in London, Liverpool and Manchester, as well as the stations in Birmingham, Preston, Bolton, Crewe, Warrington and Stafford.  Baker was designer and engineer of the  Battersea Railway Bridge.  He also acted as consulting engineer to the West London Extension Railway and the  North London Railway, and in Ireland he built the Dundalk, Newry and Greenore and the North Wall Extension Railways. He was elected  MICE  in 1848. THE  CHESHIRE LINES COMMITTEE  (CLC) The  Cheshire Lines Committee  (CLC), with a route mileage of 143 miles, was the second largest  joint railway  in Great Britain. The Cheshire Lines group was formed by a joint committee of the  Great Northern Railway  (GNR), Midland railway (MR) and the  Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway  (MSLR) in 1862 to regulate traffic on four proposed lines in  Cheshire The Stockport Woodley Junction Railway The West Cheshire Railway The Cheshire Midland Railway The Stockport, Timperley Altringham Junction Railway There was also a decision to open important series of lines and junctions around the south of Manchester and Stockport, which provided valuable access with other railways. In 1873, Premier main line between Manchester and Liverpool opened. Shortly Liverpool central was opened. The committee studied the need of an independent terminus at Manchester. As a result, they constructed Manchester central and a new 2 track viaduct from Cornbrook to central station. There was significant passenger and goods traffic between Liverpool and Manchester during this period. The second major route, which the CLC operated, was between Manchester and Chester. Even today, the CLC line between Manchester and Liverpool is the quickest route between the cities, but are utilising Piccadilly and Lime Street stations, respectively. 5.4 RICHARD JOHNSON (1827-1924) Richard Johnson was apprenticed to a builder and contractor as a carpenter in 1840. In October 1847 he was appointed to the staff of Brydone Evans, engineers to the GNR. In 1855 he was appointed District Engineer to the GNR loop line with an office in Boston and in 1859 he became responsible for the direct Peterborough to Doncaster line. In June 1861 he became Engineer for the GNR when Mr Walter Marr Brydone retired (with Joseph Cubitt as Consulting Engineer). He observed the Welwyn tunnel accident and fire. He was in charge of constructing the Derbyshire Extension Railways, notably the viaduct at Ilkeston over old coal workings, the curved viaduct at Gilbrook, and the long Kimberley cutting. He was also involved in the Newark Dyke Bridge, the Don Bridge, the Copenhagen tunnels, and the bridge over the GER at Peterborough. Richard Johnson was the Chief Engineer of the GNR and was responsible for the design of Great Northern viaduct of Castlefield, which was constructed in 1894. He d ied in Hitchin on 9 September 1924. HENRY HEMBEROW Henry Hemberow was an engineer by profession and was appointed as Resident Engineer working under the supervision of Mr. William Baker for the construction of the MSJAR. His direct involvement in any design works is not known. It is also not known if he had any direct contributions to the Castlefield viaducts in particular. The lack of information found about him during research may suggest that the impact he made in his role here and in his career as an Engineer, was not as significant as others of his time. 6. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STRUCTURE In the 20th century Castlefield underwent a dramatic renaissance, with many historical buildings being brought back into productive use and glory. The Castlefield viaduct provides a strong contrast to these new structures, portraying the areas rich heritage and its prominence as the birthplace of the industrial revolution. 6.1 ECONOMICAL SIGNIFICANCE The Castlefield Viaducts are of fundamental importance to the infrastructure of the area. Historically they functioned as a link for the transport of goods to the industrial centre. They are now a part of the citys efficient network of transport infrastructure, which includes canals, waterways, trams, rail and road. The viaducts dramatically transformed the scale and visibility of urban exchange of the area, without disrupting the natural landscape and long established built-in environments. They are centrally located at one of Manchesters most successful regeneration areas in recent decades. The viaducts play a significant role in strengthening the tourism base, consolidating and supporting business activity. A vibrant residential community has been established. The rapid growth of commerce and population gave rise to further renovations of the structure. 6.2. ARCHITECTURAL SIGNIFICANCE The Castlefield Viaducts are reminders of Manchester citys bold and distinguished Victorian era architecture. At sunset, the viaducts cast quite remarkable geometric shadows across the arena and over Castlefield, which is a beautiful sight and adds to the cultural feel of the area.  The viaducts provide a dynamic viewpoint for the whole of Castlefield. Through the reconfiguration and reuse of this previously disfunctional infrastructure, this area was the most visible expression of the existence of the Central Manchester development corporation between 1987 and 1997, although its gentrification has produced a lessening of the dramatic impact of the original host structure. As the backbone of the city the Castlefield viaducts have been a continual part of Manchesters regeneration, as well as its history. They are aesthetically distinctive and have landmark qualities.   Figure 6.1: Architectural beauty of the viaducts http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT6-1ZWzByHny9hPzslsIvlZmH_Mppe8by6Ym-2Uc3xwyYRtEUt=1usg=__5iZaJ3v6ohnr-SeLY92OoiLGXl8= Figure 6.2: Economical use of spaces beneath the brick arches of the viaduct http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT7Tk1yhTqk7MNltiVHnmZMMZw6Aa_s286FhXyyfkbX-VKC_hkt=1usg=__L2CIQTAEsSpRfjkObWnxa86aC2Q= 6.3. SIGNIFICANCE IN RELATION TO CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY The Castlefield viaducts were the first of their type, and consequently are vital artefacts in the history of Manchester and the railways. They are noteworthy for both their design and size. One of the arches of the viaduct, the arch over the branch canal at Castlefield, had a span that was unus

Great Expectations: Pip’s Views of Expectations Essay -- Great Expectat

Great Expectations – Discuss Pip’s views of expectations and how they affect him. The novel Great Expectations is focused around the theme of a young male’s expectations and how they rule his life. It tells us the effects they have on people and the negative impact they have on Pip’s life. The Title to the novel â€Å"Great Expectations† totally contradicts the main theme in the book, as the expectations turn out to be not so great after all. The book is split up into 3 sections of Pip’s â€Å"Great Expectations†, all of these sections show us how Pip’s life has been affected by these expectations. Throughout the novel we see how expectations have left their mark on Pip’s life. Chapter one is were we are introduced to the main character Pip. Our first impression of Pip is that he is naà ¯ve, innocent and lonely young boy, the fact that Pip refers to his mother as â€Å"Georgina, wife of the above† tells us that he has received no guidance or teaching in his life and is unaware of his surroundings. Pip is then dramatically changed by his expectations when Pip first meets Mrs Havisham. He is introduced to a whole new view of life, and realises he is not as happy as he thinks he is. Pip in a way blames his upbringing as he says, â€Å"My sisters bringing up made me sensitive.† When introduced to Estella Pip is infatuated by her and when she says how â€Å"coarse† and â€Å"common† he is, he feels embarrassed and humiliated. This is the turning point of Pip’s life, his blinding obsession with Estella makes him determined to become the gentleman that she wants, guided by his expectations. Pip’s expectations are acted upon many different characters throughout the novel, and nearly most of the time they have a negative effect on othe... ...y aren’t all they what seem to be. Overall throughout this book expectations play a big role, we see how they rule Pip’s life and how they can affect others in many different ways. We see how Pip’s life ends up in a good way and that how expectations can blind others from reality. Money can change anybody and Pip was no exception. When Pip is poor he truly wants to be a gentlemen, he has great expectations for himself. Pip feels embarrassed that his family has no money. Pips pride corrupts him and blinds him from how he is treating Joe. Expectations are extremely significant throughout this novel and they show us what they can do if you are obsessed with them. In Victorian society it was an extremely sought after dream to be wealthy and well respected, Pip was a victim of this view and eventually realised that a gentleman is something more than riches.

Appearance versus reality Essay

Appearance versus reality Appearance versus reality is an important theme in William Shakespeare’s ‘Macbeth’. The theme focuses on characters who are deceived by what appears to be real, and on the tragic consequences that follow this error in judgement. By evaluating the way the play shows that appearances are deceptive and the consequences of each pretence it is apparent that Shakespeare is conveying the message that all humans must make a decision whether to choose the world of appearance or real world concerns. This suggests that the characters who choose to be authentic will gain rewards and the characters who are deceptive will suffer the consequences. Throughout the play there are many examples of how appearances are deceptive and characters choose the world or appearance rather than of real world concerns. The audience is immediately introduced to the idea of appearance rather than reality through the supernatural witches. In act 1 scene 1 they say â€Å"Fair is foul, and foul is fair† this is an idea that contradicts itself, and is used to foreshadow the fact that characters in the play who seem to be good and righteous (Macbeth and Lady Macbeth) may actually be tainted or evil, and vice versa. This is clear whilst looking at both Macbeth and his wife Lady Macbeth, as their appearances and the way the act are deceptive and generally fatal to the other characters. Macbeth’s appearance differs from his true self. He portrays himself to be strong and wise, but inside he is truly weak. When he first faces the witches predictions, he says; â€Å"Come what come may, time and the hour runs through the roughest day.† (Act I, Scene 3) Basically he says that any good fortune that may come to him in the future will come on its own. He wants to appear collected, strong, and noble, but in the end, he completely contradicts his statement by greedily killing men to get what he expects is his for the taking. This shows his extreme weakness and deception of being a strong, noble man as he believes what three weird strangers tell him. Just like her husband, Lady Macbeth paints herself as a very potent woman. In spite of this facade, the murders and guilt beat at her conscience until she too crumbles. She tells her husband to â€Å"Look like the innocent flower but be the serpent under’t (Act 1, Scene 5), in order to hide their true intentions  whilst meeting King Duncan. Both these characters deceive others and also themselves as their original personalities are destroyed with the ambition to be king, by the thought of power and by the prophecies of the three witches. In ‘Macbeth’, ambition is presented as a dangerous quality. It causes the downfall of both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth and triggers a series of deaths in Macbeth. Ambition has a series of consequences in the play: Macbeth is slain as a tyrant and Lady Macbeth commits suicide. Shakespeare does not give either character the opportunity to enjoy what they have achieved by deceiving the other characters. This is clearly revealed in Macbeths soliloquy in Act 5, Scene 5, where he states: She should have died hereafter; There would have been a time for such a word. To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow, Creeps in this petty pace from day to day To the last syllable of recorded time, And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle! Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more: it is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing. Here, Macbeth is summing up his life’s work, concluding that it’s nothing. Macbeth is saying that we are deceived if we think our lives should have meaning, he feels like this ass his ambition has left him empty. All this struggle—the fake appearance, the murder, the plotting, the self-questioning, the eternal damnation—and the world ends up exactly where it began: Malcolm will be king, and no one will remember Macbeth except as an evil, blood-thirsty traitor. By understanding the characters motives and personalities an understanding of  the representation of the human condition is established. It is clear that throughout the play desire and ambition comes before morals and the sense of power allows people to change their views and potentially become somebody their â€Å"not†. Macbeth knows to kill the king is immoral but is easily persuaded into doing so even though he knows it is fraudulent. This allows the understanding that humans are easily persuaded and although they might second-guess their actions, their lust for power and an influence on their decision making is a huge motivation to do â€Å"wrong†. The soliloquy in Act 2, scene 1 proves that Macbeths mind begins to play tricks on him, as the guilt of what he is about to do gets the better of him. Is this a dagger which I see before me, the handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee. I have thee not, and yet I see thee still. Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible to feelings as to sight? Or art thou but a dagger of the mind, a false creation, proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain? I see thee yet, in form as palpable as this which I now draw. Thou marshall’st me the way I was going. And such an instrument I was to use. Mine eyes are mode the fools o’th’other senses, or else worth all the rest, I see thee still. And on thy blade and dudgeon gouts of blood, which was no so before. There’s no such thing; it is bloody business which informs thus mine eyes. Now o’er the on half-world nature seems dead and wicked dreams abuse the curtain’d sleep. This soliloquy in Act 2, Scene 1 implies Macbeth’s uncertainty and second thoughts about killing his king. The dagger’s appearance is somewhat ambiguous it can be read as an omen that Macbeth should proceed, or is it a final warning of his conscience? This further shows how humans will second-guess their actions and generally rely on others to push them over the edge to make their decision. Throughout the play it is clear that appearance versus reality is a main theme in the text. Ambition and search for power allows characters such as Macbeth and Lady Macbeth to seem innocent and loyal but in reality be ‘evil’. By evaluating the way the play shows that appearances are deceptive and the consequences of each pretence it is apparent that Shakespeare is conveying the message that all humans must make a decision whether to choose the world of appearance or real world concerns. This suggests that the characters who choose to be authentic will gain rewards and the characters  who are deceptive will suffer the consequences. By understanding the text, it is clear that the appearance of these characters is nothing like the reality, and this became a tragedy to themselves and others.

Marriage and Family Therapy †My Life

Marriage and Family Therapy – My Life Free Online Research Papers My early experiences with love where very minimal from my parents. My grandmother on the other hand was always very affectionate with me. My parents were divorced long before I can even remember. My mother was married several times and she always openly displayed affection towards her new husband for at least a little while. My parents never really displayed a lot of affection towards me or my little brother. My mother was around most of the time. She made it to almost every wrestling match, football game, and baseball game. My father on the other hand was never there. I have just recently started speaking to my mother again after eight years of silence. My father and I are business acquaintances more than any thing else. I think I have told him I loved him a total of two maybe three times. Once upon a time I was a very cold individual and I eventually learned to be warm and affectionate but I really don’t like it. Being warm and affectionate causes to much heartach e and pain, so I have decided to return to the old me. It is just so much easier. The funny thing is that I want my spouse or mate to be a very affectionate person. It makes me feel good when they are. I also want my spouse to be understanding to the fact that I have to work very hard to be affectionate. As far as kids go I have never wanted them, but the older I get I think I might want them. I believe if I ever have kids I want them to be reared to the fact that they should so affection but to realize that they could get hurt and that is just a part of life. I acquired my sex education from watching television and from my mother at the age of thirteen. She handed me a box of condoms and gave me the birds and the bee’s talk. She said the most important thing was to make sure both parties are completely satisfied. I lost my virginity at the age of thirteen so my attitude toward sex approaching my marriage is that it was very important. I expected my mate to have the same attitude. How do I categorize my parent’s marriages? My parent’s marriages were all of conflict. My home life was never that great. That explains why I was emancipated at the age sixteen and had my own apartment. Life was much better on my own. I was able to finish High School and put myself through flight school and I am almost through with college. My parents when they were married tended to settle their differences by arguing and yelling. There marriage was one of authority and not of democracy. My mother is was and probably always will be a person that will always boss. How I deal with conflict depends on what type of conflict it is. If I am at home and the cause of the conflict really matters I try to be democratic. If I really don’t care about the root cause of the conflict I’m pretty passive. When it comes to being at work, if the conflict is between my captain and I it is important that it be a democratic discussion but with the final authority resting solely on the captain. If the conflict is between me and ramp personnel I am a very authoritarian. I am currently legally married, but I am going through a divorce at this time. What ever way I tried to settle conflicts it didn’t work out for me. I have come to the conclusion that if one person does not want to settle the conflict it will not be settled no matter the technique used to solve them. I only have one sibling. I have a younger brother. He is four years younger than me and has a different father. I guess that technically makes use half brothers. My relationship with Ryan (my younger brother) as a child was one of contempt and anger. Ryan’s father was still around up until I turned thirteen. I had real jealousy issues with him for that and for the fact that he has and still is treated differently than I am. Even though we are brother we have two totally different personalities. His is one of laziness and freeloading and mine is harder working and determination. The older Ryan and I got the worse our relationship got. It took my mothers four husband Ron to bring us together again. Ryan was very close to Ron and they had an amazing relationship. If an onlooker wouldn’t have known any different they would say that they were father and son. Ron was killed in a car crash when Ryan was sixteen and he handled it very badly. He was a wreck and need ed not only emotional support but also a stable home to live in. My wife and I took my little brother into our home and let him live there until he decided to move back to our mothers. Finally my brother and I have a good relationship. Being the oldest sibling and the most financially stable has its strains and benefits; the biggest strain is that not only my brother but my mother look to me for advice. They also look to me to take care of problems and help them out financially as well. My self and my family are of Christian faith. We celebrate Christmas, Easter, Lint, and all other Christian and national holidays. We never really had a true tradition for any of them. We do however have a tradition for the opening day of hunting season. Ever since I can remember my brother and I and all of my cousins would take the opening day of hunting season off school or work to all go hunting as a family. Opening day and my grandmothers birthday are about the only times that our entire family gets together to do anything as a group. My approach to life has changed over the years. I used to be a pretty positive person and always gave people the benefit of the doubt. I trusted people and never looked over their shoulder to make sure they were doing the right thing. My attitude changed recently actually. Now I am a negative person and don’t really trust many people. The cause of the change is the ongoing divorce with my wife and a recent date. I trusted my wife with everything including my deepest darkest secrets and now all of that is being used against me. She is using it to basically blackmail me into giving more to her in the divorce settlement. I tried to be more than fair with her but that is not good enough. As far as the recent date goes it is partially my fault for trusting people. I keep a large amount of money in my truck to use as spending cash for my trash company when it needs it. I had to run into the office for a minute or two and I left her in my truck while I was gone. When I got back everything appeared normal and we went out and had a great time. After I took her home the next morning I had to go buy tires for the trash truck and I was three hundred dollars short, which in the grand scheme of things is not a ton but it is still theft. So now I can not and will not trust everyone again. I personally consider myself a rebel. The reason I do is that I am one of the few family members that do not work for the family shop or farm. I went out made my own choices and mistakes and got to where I am because of me. I am not a rebel when it comes to following proper rules and procedures I am very much a conformist when it comes to that. I really don’t get angry when I d on’t get my way, but like most things that depends on the situation. If I am informed on a good reason not to do it my way I have no problem with that. I am always open to hear other peoples ideas and thoughts because a lot of the time there thoughts and ideas are ones that I have not thought of. Or if I had then I can explain to them why I didn’t like that idea and we can discuss it further. I feel that I am a very practical person. I think practical describes me better than humaninistic and religious. The reasons behind that are I do believe in religion buts I do not live my life by it. I am more of a down to earth person. My dreams are obtainable and my lifestyle is well within my means. There is supposed to be a paragraph in here about what my ideal mate is. To be quite honest I have no idea and I’m not really in the mood or position to talk about that right now. I used to believe that I had a great understanding of my self, but with all the recent changes in my life I am forced to question that. At this point in time I don’t want a good self-understanding. My goals in life are as follows: I want to be better than my parents in regards to love, wealth, and parenting, I want to retire by the time I’m fifty, I want to have kids prior to the age of thirty-five, I want to live life like I was dying everyday, and most of all I want to be remembered as a good man. My top five values in life are happiness, wealth, love, to live life, and health. I want to be happy; I want to look forward to coming home and also going to work. Wealth incorporates a lot. To most people it means money and to others it means love and happiness in their family. To me it means both. I want it all. I just want to love someone that loves me back and not with me for monetary reasons. I want to live like I am dying everyday because I want to look back an d say I have no regrets in life. My health is the last and final thing. I put the values in order for me and the importance of them to me. I don’t want to live forever like most do. I just want to be healthy and live as long as I am meant to. I am afraid of very little. I am afraid of being alone. My grandmother is ninety years old and she has been alone for the last fifteen years and she has been miserable and I don’t want that for myself. I am afraid of not making the right decisions in my business because I have people that work for me that count on that pay check and count on their job. I am also afraid of failure. The only thing in life that I have failed at is my marriage. I really have never failed at anything else and I don’t know how to handle that. All in all I am a nice person who will go out of his way to help another. I also am a very jaded person who does not have a lot of faith or trust for the opposite sex. I want to become a great family man, a person who people look up to, and most of all someone who is well respected. The only part of that were a spouse is imperative is for the great family man. The rest of it I can and will do on my own. My advice to my best friend and to anyone that leads this paper is to always be honest, never give up, and to treat people how you want to be treated. 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Should I Stay Or Should I Go †English Essay (100 Level Course)

Should I Stay Or Should I Go – English Essay (100 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Should I Stay Or Should I Go English Essay (100 Level Course) If I was a citizen of the city of Omelas, and saw the child in the closet, I would not walk away. I do not see any good that could come from walking away. The problem would still exist in the city and I would have nowhere to go, and going nowhere alone doesn’t sound like a smart thing to do. However, at the same time I wouldn’t just stay in the city and not do anything about the child in the closet. I wouldn’t go on living my life like I did before I saw the poor child locked in a closet. Witnessing the horrible situation in which the child has to live would affect me in a way that wouldn’t allow me to live my life in the happy manner that I previously lived in. I would try my best to help the child so that he or she could also live a happy life. First of all, how can running away even begin to solve any problems? I don’t understand what the point of leaving is. If you disapprove of something you should not just walk away. You should voice your opinion and try to make other people see things the way you do. Walking away wouldn’t be a good idea because the things that you are walking away from will still be the same. If I was in Omelas I would have listened to the crying and pleading of the child when it said â€Å"I will be good, please let me out. I will be good!† The people of Omelas just ignore the crying of the child, late at night it screams and whines for help. How anybody could be so lacking of compassion that they would not help a young child that is in so much pain is unbelievable to me. They say that â€Å"they would like to do something for the child, but there is nothing they can do.† That is absolutely unacceptable. They can do a lot for the kid. They can take it out of the closet, bathe it, feed it, clothe it, love it, and take careo f it. That is not hard for them to do. They say that if they did all those things then â€Å"the prosperity and beauty and delight of Omelas would wither and be destroyed.† How do they know that if they never tried to take care of the kid. Where is the logic behind that arguement? There is none. It makes absolutely no sense that there has to be a kid locked in a closet for the rest of the city to be happy. I can in no way appreciate the argument that â€Å"assuring the happiness of one would throw away the happiness of thousands.† For this reason I would help the child. Once I saw how thin, hungry, and alone the child was I would do the best I could to help it. I am not a believer of superstitions and the belief that helping the child would cause the city a lof of pain is a kind of superstition. Any person that has even a little bit of compasssion for other humans would have the same answer that I do. There is no way that one could go on living life the same after witnessing such a horrible situation. If I saw the child and heard his cries for help I would never be the same. I could not live with myself if I knew there was something I could do to help the child and I didn’t do it. In order for a city to be happy and free every citizen needs to be treated equally. This is not a quality that Omelas has. Even if it is only one person that is treated unfairly it ruins the image of the city. If I was there I would do my best to make the city I live the best place possible. I also wouldn’t walk away because I would have nowhere to go. The people in the story that walked away all walked away â€Å"alone, into the darkness, and never came back.† Walking away would not help myself, the child, or the city. The only way I would even consider walking away is if I was going to take the child with me, and that would not be walking away alone. Research Papers on Should I Stay Or Should I Go - English Essay (100 Level Course)Personal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraStandardized TestingCapital PunishmentHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayWhere Wild and West Meet

PepsiCo Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

PepsiCo - Case Study Example Amidst these discussions, the paper will aim at answer several questions related to the company’s survival during global economic slowdown, its balance food portfolio, workplace culture and diversity and commitment of company towards environmental sustainability. It was ascertained that PepsiCo is the largest manufacturer and distributor of food and beverage in the United States and from its traditional business of soft drinks, the company has adopted a multi segment approach over the years. The present offerings of the company can be segmented in terms of variety of snacks, sports drink, juice, bottled water and cereals. The soft drink segment of the company includes Starbucks ready-to-drink beverages, Mountain dew, Sierra Mist, Sobe, Pepsi-Cola, 7UP, diet Pepsi and Lipton iced tea. The juice segment of PepsiCo comprises brands such as Naked Juice and Tropicana. The snack segment of the company includes brands such as Lays, Cheetos and Tostitos (PepsiCo, 2014a). The complete set of global brands of PepsiCo can be classified in three categories, namely, fun-for-you, good-for-you and better-for-you brands. Fun-for-you brands include basic savory products such as chips and cold drinks. Good-for-you brands are focused on delivering healthy choices that include vegetables, dairy products and fruits. Lastly, Better-for-you brands offer mostly low calorie food products that have low sugar and fat content (YouTube, 2011a; PepsiCo, 2014a; 2014b). PepsiCo is a global company and it can be naturally assumed that the company is susceptible to various social, economic and geo-political issues. Social factors comprise lifestyle and cultural aspects of consumers. PepsiCo is well-aware of its consumers’ preference which is significantly influenced by their lifestyle. Consequently, PepsiCo classified its products in three unique

An Analysis of the US and Australian Health Insurance Programs Research Paper

An Analysis of the US and Australian Health Insurance Programs - Research Paper Example Many scholars have compared the two health insurance systems and found surprising data that is of concern. The statistic shows that Australia spends an average of 8.7 percent of its GDP on supporting health and this covers all residents in Australia irrespective of their employment status (Coory). The American government, on the other hand, spends 17.6% of its GDP on healthcare (CMS) and this is far much more than any industrialized country and 47 million citizens still lack health insurance while millions of others are underinsured (Mascarenhas). This is a damning statistic which asks for a deeper analysis. The second issue is that the American Medicaid program only covers those above the age of 65 while the rest have to look for alternative private health treatment (Mascarenhas). On the other hand, the Australian one covers all the individuals including the well-off in society who are entitled to subsidize medical cover with the government paying a certain percentage of it (AHS). Although the Medicaid program is available in the US to cater for the low-income earners, their exist restrictions on who is eligible for that kind of health care program. This leaves most of the population uninsured with many opting for private treatment which is costly and most are unable to afford these costs (HJK). Although there exist some strength s associated with the US Medicare program it is still way back below the Australian Medicare program that covers everyone. The strengths lie in the short waiting time for surgery patients and other patients with chronic complications (Mascarenhas). On the other hand, the Australian program has a long waiting list and this is one of its problems. Despite all, it is better to wait for a long time and be served than to be completely denied the service. The greatest strength in the Australian program is affordability and access and this is lacking in the American programs (DHAC).

The three most inportant gifts i ever received are Essay

The three most inportant gifts i ever received are - Essay Example When I was young I always had the capability to come out as a leader in my class. I used to be the class representative at an age when my group mates were hesitant to come in front of the teacher. I have learned to lead from the front and guide my class mates through everything that they face. The leadership skills I believe have been gifted to me by God himself. Similarly I have also been gifted the capability of being determined in life. Determination is yet another god gifted capability for which I did not have to do much in my life. From an early age I always had this determination in achieving my goals when I set them up. I wanted to clear the subject of mathematics with a good grade and with the right determination and struggle I was able to do so. I believe that this determination would also help me in the future. Determination is the most important gift I ever received from God as I believe that I can be able to achieve almost anything that I require in this world. Starting from my very early life I received a lot of presents from my family members on my birthday but one special gift that I still remember as the best from my childhood was when my grandfather gifted me a watch. A watch seems too ordinary for an important gift but the timing of the gift matters most to me. While gifting me the watch my grandfather said â€Å"Son, always be particular about your timings†. Ever since I used that watch to make sure that I was particular about my timings and this has helped me greatly in life. These three gifts have helped me to become a better man in my life. I believe that with these gifts I can make out something good of my life and can achieve anything that I require. Being particular about my timings can help me to set an example for others and the capability to lead can help me to lead other people. Similarly with the determination of my sort I think that I can be able to achieve almost any

Traditional Love VS Contemporary Love Essay Example for Free

Traditional Love VS Contemporary Love Essay Love refers to an ineffable and strong feeling towards another human being. It encompasses very many different feelings ranging from nonsexual feelings to passionate desire and intimacy associated with romantic love. Cancian (2000) explains that, Love has many forms which acts as main facilitator of interpersonal relationships and because of its psychological importance, love is one of the mostly used theme in the creative arts. All that we hear and see explains that romantic love is one of the greatest ideal, we all have to fall in love at one point and should stay in love.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The traditional perspective on marriage and love was a very great sense of commitment, fidelity and loyalty while the contemporary love is full of good feelings and emotional highs. Contemporary love is full of romance which is a decorated or exaggerated way of expressing love while the traditional love emphasized on true love which contained fidelity, loyalty and commitment. Romance and commitment really spice up a relationship but romance alone can not be defined as love since one can be very romantic with someone while their hearts and love are very far. Cancian (2000) urges that, Others just get romantic with people of the opposite sex just to satisfy their sexual desires with no feelings of love to the partner. On the other hand, commitment is accompanied with love since there is no way one can decide to be loyal, faithful and committed to someone without that strong feeling of love. Faithfulness, loyalty and commitment are fruits of strong and true love but this doesnt mean romance is not important, it spices up a relationship.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The modern romantic love is the personal freedom we have of expressing our feelings of love together with our feelings of how we would want the special person we love and care about feel us and see us. It is more of a modern touch to relationships and it is like an addiction. A relationship becomes more exciting if it has traditional love toped up with romantic love. Traditional love gives the durability aspect while the contemporary love gives the emotional aspect. Traditional love wins over contemporary love for being very solid, resilient and lasting, whereas contemporary love tends to last for a very short period of time as proved by many marriages in United states that has only lasted for a very short time. Romantic love is like fire which burns brightly for a short period and then it goes off. It is very easy to be faithful, loyal and committed to a partner that you love which makes relationships based on traditional love permanent. However without romance love lacks taste and excitement and it just become a routine. It is therefore very important to keep a balance of the two because when one truly loves, respect, faithfulness, commitment and loyalty to the partner becomes the fruits of love and at the same time the element of joy that is as a result of romance should be present. The human heart takes care of the contemporary love while the mind takes care of the traditional love.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Love has no limits and is very free, one has only to give it generously to others and will have more coming back. Both the traditional love and contemporary love are important because they compliment each other. Contemporary love gives the joy of being in a relationship while the traditional love gives fidelity, commitment and loyalty. For any relationship to last long and for it to be full of joy, both traditional and contemporary love should be emphasized.

Socrates Philosophical Teachings And Corruption Philosophy Essay

Socrates Philosophical Teachings And Corruption Philosophy Essay In works of Ancient Greek thinkers many great problems which and direct today development of psychological ideas are opened. In their explanations of genesis and soul structure three directions on which there was a search of those big spheres independent of the individual just like which it was treated microspace individual human soul are found out. The son of the sculptor and the midwife, Socrates, having got the general for Athenians of that time education, became the philosopher discussing problems of the theory of knowledge, ethics, a policy, pedagogics with any person, who agreed to his questions in any place in the street, on the market area, at any time. Socrates, unlike sophists, did not take money for philosophising, and among his listeners there were people of the most various property status, formation, political convictions, an ideological and moral warehouse. The sense of activity of Socrates (it has received the name dialectics a finding of true by means of conversation) consisted in, that with the help of definitely picked up questions to help the interlocutor to find the true answer (so-called Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¹ a method) and by that at its message from uncertain representations to logically clear knowledge of di scussed subjects. To discussion the extensive circle of everyday concepts about justice was exposed, to injustice, good, beauty, courage etc. Socrates considered as the debt to accept active participation in a public life of Athens. Thus he far not always agreed with opinion of the majority in national meeting and in a jury that demanded considerable courage, especially in board thirty tyrants. Not the consent with the majority Socrates considered the as result, that he always aspired to observance of laws and justice of which the majority of people not always cares. He has been accused that does not honour gods and corrupts youth, and is sentenced to death by 361 voice from 500 judges. Socrates has courageously accepted a sentence, having drunk poison and having rejected plans of the pupils about runaway as rescue. Socrates did not write down the reasonings, considering, that only the live conversation leads to the necessary result to education of the person. Therefore it is difficult to reconstruct completely its sights about which we know from three basic sources of comedies by Aristophan, memories of Xenophont and Platons compositions. All these authors underline, what exactly Socrates considered for the first time soul first of all as a source of morals of the person, instead of as a source of activity of a body (as it was accepted in theories Geraclit and Democrit). Socrates said that soul the mental quality of the individual peculiar to it as a reasonable being, operating according to moral ideals. Such approach to soul could not start with thought on its materiality that is why simultaneously with occurrence of a sight at communication of soul with morals there is also a new sight at it which has been developed by Socratess pupil Platon later. Speaking about morals, Socrates connected it with behaviour of the person. The morals are the blessing realized in acts of people. However to estimate this or that act as moral, it is necessary to know preliminary, that such blessing. Therefore Socrates connected morals with reason, considering, that virtue consists in knowledge of good and in operation according to this knowledge. For example, that person who knows how it is necessary to behave in danger is brave, and arrives according to the knowledge. Therefore first of all it is necessary to train people, to show them a difference between good and bad, and then already to estimate them on conducting. Learning a difference between good and harm, the person starts to learn and itself. Thus, Socrates comes to the major position of the sights connected with carrying over of the centre of research interests from the surrounding validity on, the person. Socratess motto said: Learn yourself. By yourself Socrates understood Under knowledge not the reference inside to own experiences and consciousness conditions (the concept about consciousness was not isolated by then yet), and the analysis of acts and relations to them, moral estimations and norms of human behaviour in various vital situations. It conducted to new understanding of essence of soul. If sophists have accepted for a starting point the relation of the person not to the nature, and to other people for Socrates the relation of the person to as to the carrier of intellectual and moral qualities becomes the major. Subsequently even said, that Socrates was the pioneer of psychotherapy, trying by means of a word to bare that is hidden behind external displays of work of mind. Anyway, in his methodics the ideas which have played in many centuries a key role in psychological researches of thinking were concealed. First, thought work was put in dependence on a problem creating an obstacle for its habitual current. Such problem was the system of questions which Socrates brought down on the interlocutor, clearing up that its intellectual activity. Secondly, this activity initially had character of dialogue. Both signs: the orientation of thought created by a problem, and dialogics, assuming, that knowledge initially socially as roots in dialogue of subjects, steels in the XX-th century the main reference points of experimental psychology of thinking. About this philosopher who has become for all centuries by an ideal of unselfishness, honesty, independence of thought, we know according to his pupils. He never wrote nothing and considered itself not as the teacher of wisdom, and the person who is clearing up in others aspiration to true. After Socrates, in which centre of interests there was mainly a cerebration (its products and values) the individual subject, the concept about a soul was filled with the new subject maintenance. It made absolutely special essence which the physical nature does not know. The Socratess dialogic-dialectic method assumes freedom of the person and is based on democratic idea that the person is a being responsible, capable to learn true and to make the decision on own fear and risk. By means of test by irony Socrates exposed superficial claims for pansophy and infallibility, subverting all imaginary, pseudo-serious and any false authorities. The Socratess irony is search true and positive, an appeal to originally serious and considerable, to their constant test. Socratess irony results from love to wisdom and is directed on excitation of this love as to the higher value. Socrates believed, that the reason is poured on all Universe, that the human reason makes only insignificant share of the general reason. As proof of life of the higher Reason Socrates referred on the order in the Universe, to conformity of human sense organs to natural phenomena: eyes are created for sight, ears for hearing and so on, and so on. Unlike sophists, Socrates did not show the superiority over associates; he aspired to learn to distinguish them under a mask of pansophy ignorance. He considered training of the person thinking, ability to find the main task of the life in itself (himself) the deep spiritual beginning. By his own words, he has been put to the Athenian people as a gadfly to a horse that that did not forget to think of the soul. The method, which Socrates has selected for the decision of this uneasy problem, the irony releasing the person from self-confidence, from noncritical acceptance of anothers opinion. In the beginning Socrates as though models initial opposition: admits own ignorance and gives the chance to the interlocutor to affirm as the belief. Then by means of smart questions brings the interlocutor to opposite representation that that has seen Socrates spiritual superiority and own ignorance. The irony purpose not destruction of moral principles; on the contrary, as a result of the ironical relation to all external, to prejudiced opinions the person develops the general representation about that spiritual beginning which lays in each person. The way of independent opening of true person Socrates named maietics (literally birth art). Maietics is  «soul childbirth, instead of bodies », it is a way of true births on which there is a person by means of the teacher. The philosophy should become the doctrine how the person to live, the philosophy develops the general concept about things, finds out a uniform basis existing which for human reason appears the blessing the prime target. The uniform basis of a human life does not exist in a separation from spiritual efforts of the person, it not the indifferent natural beginning. Only when Uniform becomes the purpose of the person, it will be presented in the form of concept, it will make his happiness. Such rapprochement of knowledge and morals has caused many objections of thinkers of the subsequent epoch. However Socrates ethical rationalism, not clear to the modern person, was rather pertinent during an epoch of destruction of the patriarchal communal relationship, traditional religion. The person of the sociality which has not got stronger yet without the aid of sophists remained in loneliness, became the captive of the passions, began to be afraid of himself. As it is shown in  «Criton », motives of refusal of runaway follow from Socrates ethical doctrine and are reduced to that  «the unfair act is angrily and a shame for making it, and besides in all cases » (Platon. Criton.49 b). Therefore, contrary to public opinion,  «it is not necessary neither to answer injustice with injustice, nor to do to somebody harms even if it would be necessary to suffer from someone » (In the same place. 49 à Ã‚ °-Ñ ). Especially it is impossible to make injustice concerning domestic laws for only thanking it there is a state, thanking it Socrates was born from a legal marriage, has received education ordered by them and became the citizen of Athens which have allocated with its every possible blessings. Being the citizen, he was obliged to support, instead of to undermine laws of the fatherland. As against the father and mother, and the it is more against the state and its laws is inadmissible to make violence even if you test from the m injustice, including such not deserved penalty, as condemnation on death. The first of the specified arguments is reduced to that the runaway Socrates wishes to ruin laws and the state for they cannot exist if the decisions which have been taken out by court, at will of private persons are not carried out, cancelled and become void (Criton. 50 à Ã‚ °-Ñ ). Socrates considers possible to challenge this argument, having referred that  «the state has arrived with us has unfairly and incorrectly solved business » (In the same place. 50). Criton catches at this objection as it is meant, that Socrates has the right to arrive unfairly concerning the state which has arrived unfairly in relation to it. Therefore default of an unfair sentence of court by Socrates will lead to death not of the state and its laws, and only to cancellation of a wrong sentence. However Criton forgets, that earlier he has agreed with Socrates ethical principle, that (contrary to opinion of the majority expressing a traditional ethical standard) it is not necessary to arrive u nfairly even if with you have arrived so, and it is not necessary to answer with harm (49 b-d). Instead of specifying to Criton in this contradiction, Socrates (become to the place of Criton in dialogue with Laws) results possible counter objection of Laws: Laws agreed with citizens of the policy (city-state) not that they, citizens, will submit and execute only those judgements which are represented to them fair but only that separate persons should carry out all and any judgements which have been taken out by the State (50). The second argument says that Socrates is in relation to the State and Laws in the same dependence as the slave before the owner and as the child before the parents their relations are unequal, therefore Socrates should obey to the court decision (50 d-51). The state has found fair to sentence Socrates to a death penalty. Hence, Socrates attempt will escape the life unfair act. Further, in considered argument the analogy between parents and the child, and also between the mister and the slave is spent, however in other places of dialogue about children is spoken as about timid and inconsistent silly little chaps (46 with, 49 b), and about slaves as about contemptible beings (52 d; see also 53). Following this analogy, it is possible to prove, that if Socrates, contrary to will of the State, will make runaway from prison, he will assimilate to the child or the slave; But as Socrates does not want it, he will not make runaway, will not break the obligations to the State which generat ed and has brought up him. However all sense of analyzed argument just in that also consists what to be the unequal child or the slave not too badly that Socrates opposed such state of affairs: he should aspire to accept the restrictions following from its position. All it, are noticed by G.Young, is a stretch, if not obvious inconsistency which forces to think of, whether the second argument is so convincing, to what he it is represented at first sight (Young. P. 18). The third argument, concerning the agreement concluded between Socrates and Laws (50), consists that any of the Athenian citizens, knowing a decision-making and business management order in the State, nevertheless does not leave Athens, thereby silently submitting to laws and executing all commands from the State. In  «Criton » we read:  « Who remains, knowing as we judge in our courts and we run in the State other business, we can already assert, that he has in practice agreed to carry out that we (Laws. F. à Ã… ¡) We order; and if he does not obey, we say, that he three times as much breaks justice: that does not obey us Having agreed to us to obey Also does not try to overpersuade us when we do something badly, and though we offer, instead of roughly we order to execute our decisions and we give it on a choice one of two either to overpersuade us, or to execute, he does not do neither that, nor another  »(51 e-52 and; see also 51 b-Ñ ). Attracts attention, that execution of laws is dycon as the obligation (agreement) to carry out the laws, taken on itself the citizen of the state, assumes, that: 1) the citizen has the right to challenge justice of the accepted decisions, possibility to overpersuade the state and to explain, in what justice (In the same place consists. 51 with, 52); 2) acceptance by the citizen on itself of obligations excludes compulsion (###) or a deceit (###) from the state (52; 3) agreement undertaking does not connect the citizen with the state for ever, but gives to each citizen the right to take away the property, to lodge outside of fatherland at own discretion (51 d-e). It is easy to notice, that on conditions of the agreement the state or laws do not guarantee and hardly can guarantee, that they will make in relation to the citizen only the blessing and to do with him only fairly. The only thing, that they promise, is to give to the citizen possibility to overpersuade them, i.e. To listen to arguments of the citizen which he will wish to state, concerning a prospective inaccuracy and injustice taken out by them (laws) of decisions. Strictly speaking, chances of possibility to overpersuade them are represented illusory. After all in practice to convince to (overpersuade) it is necessary the fellow citizens in which person exist and laws function. There is a question and on legitimacy of carrying out of distinction between citizens of the state and laws as the last, wishing to keep the advantage and to save itself from infringements, say, that in case of wrong decisions the citizen will be offended  «not by us, Laws, and people » (54 b). The know n contradiction is observed also between the second argument according to which the citizen obliged by the birth and education to the state, is something like the property or the state slave, and the third argument considerably limiting the rights of the citizen if and not obliging it to voluntary slavery. (The third argument forcing, according to Young, the citizen to voluntary slavery, we consider insufficiently proved, as, however, and its some other statements on which we here will not stop.) anyway, Laws recognize, as we already saw, à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’ the citizen before the state (50). Not only in Apologia, but also in  «Criton » Socrates adheres to the point of view, that a life without philosophy and philosophising is not a life. Therefore in Apologia he is said, that, preferring to obey supreme more, than to people, the death is faster than signs, than will refuse philosophy. In Criton, refusing flight, Socrates refers to this argument not because he has decided to obey people more, than to the god, and for that simple reason, that flight (besides would serve as the indirect demonstration of its fault) did not promise it philosophising possibility on foreign land. [5] here that Laws speak to Socrates:  « If you will go to one of the nearest cities, to Thebes or Megara, after all both these cities cope good laws, that will come there, Socrates, the enemy of their state order: all those to whom of roads their city, on you will be mown, including you by the blighter of laws, and you will strengthen glory as if they have correctly solved your business for y our judges And can be, you are intended to avoid the arranged well states and decent people? But whether in that case it is necessary to you to live? Or you will wish to approach with such people and will not feel ashamed with them to talk? But what to talk about, Socrates? About the same, about what here again what is more expensive to people of all virtue and justice, customs and laws? Really your way it would be worthy Socrates? And after all it would be necessary to think of it  »(Criton. 53 b-d). To Socrates who was teaching, that the main question of a life is a question on good and harm and that the person at all situations can and should choose good, possibility, and on a personal example has been given, to prove practicability of to what he teaches. On court the choice was coming before him: to stop philosophising and to keep a life or on pain of death to continue the activity. For Socrates refusal of the mission was equivalent to refusal of a life, its sense. He has chosen death. For such integral and fair natures as Socrates, other alternative was not. Gegel specified in it still. Gegels point of view was divided by T.Gompertsem (p. 83) and other scientists. It finds supporters and now. Having put cultural wealth in the forefront, Socrates considered their creation by an overall objective of a human life. And as, according to Socrates, the spiritual blessings are not transferred in a ready kind from one person to another, but reveal and got in search, in research itself and others, in  «to care of a soul » so far as refusal of such search is equivalent to refusal of a life. According to Socrates, dialogue and a dialectic (question-answer) method of definition of concepts are necessary conditions of joint search of true.